Community Tolerance Comparison As A New and Sensitive Ecotoxicological Tool

The demonstration of an increased tolerance to a pollutant is direct evidence that this pollutant has presented a selection pressure upon a population or community. Recently, pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) has been applied to the benthic community in a metal-enriched estuary to establish causal linkage between observed changes in community structure and composition and the presence of copper. This paper describes the rationale and methodology behind applying PICT to the marine benthic environment, and shows it to be a sensitive ecotoxicological tool. It also presents a case study, demonstrating how a PICT investigation has aided the interpretation of changes in a benthic community, establishing a causal linkage between these changes in the community and the presence of a specific pollutant.     

壳聚糖对烟草抗黑胫病的作用

研究表明，壳聚糖除了对烟草黑胫病菌（Ｐｈｙｔｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａ ｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｃａ）有抑制作用外，还能诱导烟草植株的抗病性。烟苗经浓度为０．５ｇＬ＾－１和１ｇＬ＾－１的壳聚糖处理４ｄ后，诱导效应分别为７８．５６％和１００％，用浓度为１ｇＬ＾－１的壳聚糖处理烟草幼苗，叶片中的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯ）和多酶氧化酶（ＰＰＯ）３种防御酶的活性均比ＣＫ有所提高。     

15MV医用电子直线加速器感生放射性影响分析

对于电子能量大于10MeV的医用电子直线加速器,每次开机治疗完成后会产生感生放射性,可能对机房工作人员及附近公众产生辐射危害。本文对某医院15MV电子直线加速器运行后感生放射性进行量化,并由此估算可能对周围人员造成的辐射剂量。通过探讨,希望在对加速器产生的感生放射性影响评价时有参考意义。     

海滨垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染土壤的复电阻率特性

为了解渗滤液污染土壤的复电阻率特性及其与海水入侵所造成的电特性差异,指导海滨场地的污染探测,设计了黏土和砂土两种土壤,在水饱和情况下通入不同浓度的渗滤液,测量复电阻率的幅值和相位响应;在砂土中通入与渗滤液电阻率相同的模拟海水,对比海水入侵与渗滤液污染所造成的相位差异.结果表明:受渗滤液污染土壤的复电阻率变化明显,0.1 Hz下被2%渗滤液（渗滤液体积占溶液总体积比例为2%）污染的土壤中,与背景值相比,黏土的幅值和相位分别降低了78%和70%,砂土的幅值和相位分别降低了66%和33%,且渗滤液浓度越高,幅值和相位的值就越小;而对于电阻率背景值较低的土壤（如海水入侵场地或地下水-海水交错带区域）,通入渗滤液后,其复电阻率参数没有明显变化.对比海水入侵与渗滤液污染,受渗滤液污染较轻的土壤的相位略高于海水入侵污染土壤,而当渗滤液浓度较高时,二者几乎没有区别.研究显示,正常条件下,复电阻率法对渗滤液污染的反映灵敏,有较好的指示意义,其参数变化主要与孔隙水中金属离子的含量和双电层极化有关;而在天然低电阻率背景条件下,渗滤液污染引起的电阻率变化很小,但相位变化较为明显,这种相位的变化有可能被识别出来.      

无增压风机湿法烟气脱硫技术及其应用情况

本文介绍了浙江某发电厂的脱硫系统不配备增压风机，利用锅炉引风机提供脱硫阻力降，简化了脱硫系统。减少了设备购置费用，降低了设备运行维护成本。     

地铁列车振动对精密仪器和设备的影响及减振措施

轨道交通对环境产生的振动问题已引起人们的重视,但是关于对精密仪器造成影响的研究成果非常少。随着城市轨道交通的快速发展和地面机构的修建,便捷的轨道交通与精密仪器的使用将形成无法回避的矛盾。因此,关于振动对精密仪器、设备影响的研究具有重要的现实意义和科研价值。为此,笔者探讨地铁振动对精密仪器和设备影响的表现,详细介绍仪器和设备允许振动的含义及影响因素等,建议采用综合减振措施,并提出综合治理及减振措施设计原则,为减振措施的选取和设计提供了参考,同时还指出了该领域中还需进一步研究的几个问题。     

黄铜温度计套管汞裂破坏的观察

对一起黄铜汞裂破坏的构件进行形貌和金相分析,结合能谱测试,讨论了汞裂破坏形式、汞裂破坏机制,汞裂与一般沿晶型应力腐蚀破裂及晶间腐蚀的差别.指出汞裂是汞或其蒸气沿应力作用造成的缺陷部位深入组织内部,通过物理或化学作用与原来的组织在晶界生成强度低的新相,破裂沿新相区域出现.     

三峡水库地震孕震机理及蓄水地震活动分析

本文从三峡库区区域地质构造、活动断裂及库区水文地质特点建立三峡库区区域地震模型;根据蓄水后岩石的库水与地质相互作用对该区水文地质及构造影响,对该区水库诱发地震进行理论分析,浅释了三峡库区水库地震孕震机理;以三峡遥测台网测震资料及宜昌台地壳形变手段在蓄水前后的监测的地壳动态变化特征为基础,对三峡水库诱发地震作了初步探讨及趋势分析.     

Leaf volatiles and polyphenols in pear trees infested byPsylla pyricola. Evidence of simultaneously induced responses

Summary Feeding by the homopteranPsylla pyricola on leaves of pear trees induces the production of volatile compounds, such as (E,E)--farnesene and methyl-salicylate, as well as the production of polyphenols. The inference on induction is based on GC-MS and HPLC chromatograms from the same samples ofPsylla infested leaves, leaves from the same pear tree beforePsylla infestation and uninfested leaves from other pear trees.Psylla infestation greatly enhanced the production of volatiles ((E,E)--farnesene, methyl-salicylate and others) and triggered the production of new polyphenols, characterized by much longer retention times.However, the responses to infestation depend critically on leaf age (defined by leaf distance to apex). With respect to the leaf volatiles it appears that infested, old leaves produce fewer compounds and lower amounts of the volatiles than infested, young leaves. Moreover, there seem to be differences in pattern. Relative to (E,E)--farnesene, methyl-salicylate was found in much lower amounts in heavily infested, old leaves. With respect to polyphenols it was found that infested old leaves collected in August have polyphenols with the same retention times, but more or less equal amounts as uninfested young leaves collected in May. This shows thatPsylla infestation causes the induced response mostly in young leaves.The induced leaf volatiles may act as synomones to heteropteran bugs. As shown elsewhere,Anthocoris nemoralis responds significantly to (E,E)--farnesene and methyl-salicylate when offered in pure form against clean air in a Y-tube olfactometer. The effect of polyphenols on the performance ofP. pyricola is not yet known. Hence, a role in direct defence is still to be investigated.     

Surviving the change to warning colouration: density-dependent polyphenism suggests a route for the evolution of aposematism

Summary. How warning colouration first appeared remains a disputed question in evolutionary biology. A density-dependent transition from crypsis to aposematism that occurs during phase change in the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) provides insight into the conditions under which acquiring warning colouration is adaptive. When crowded for only a few hours, solitarious locusts cease avoiding each other and actively aggregate. This occurs well before they acquire warning colouration. We show that accompanying this early behavioural gregarisation is a remarkable shift in feeding behaviour, in which solitarious insects switch from being deterred by a toxic plant alkaloid to feeding avidly upon foods containing it. A computer simulation shows how crypsis ceases to be effective as an anti-predator strategy when solitarious locusts are crowded, how chemical defence becomes essential as conspicuousness increases with local density, and how warning colouration becomes advantageous under these conditions. These findings provide empirical evidence for an adaptive route for the change from a cryptic edible phenotype to a brightly coloured toxic one.